Are Used To Estimate Convertibility Degree Pathologies And

are used to estimate convertibility degree Pathologies and to exclude components of a bronchial asthma. A parity from These two measurements (FEV1/FVC) expect to estimate the complex Function of lungs of the patient. At persons with COPD, FEV1 and FVC are always connected FEV1/FVC A parity and always lower than settlement for age, Floor, weights of a body, race of the patient and barometric pressure. Stages COPD Weight COPD is defined according to degree Deviations in the data (PFT), level of values of signs, Presence of accompanying diseases and conditions which can conduct To complications. According to criteria GOLD 2006 allocate four Stages COPD from 1st stage (moderate stage COPD) to IV th (very much Serious deviations from norm). Till 2006 year and the previous versions Classifications COPD the stage was used at number 0 to allocate Patients who had syndromes of chronic cough and superfluous Saliva production, but normal values PFT (). As Further certificates, what not all patients with a stage 0 are revealed COPD necessarily progress to a stage 1, the stage 0 has been removed from Last classifications COPD.

Allocation Assume A Local Trauma Or Infringements Of

allocation Assume a local trauma or infringements of coagulability of blood. Allocation from a nose Light, suddenly appearing allocation from a nose Usually assume allergic rhinitises or a virus infection. Purulent Allocation assume a bacterial infection in a nose is more often. If the patient has allocation from a nose and from eyes, In the presence of a head injury, it is necessary to suspect basis crisis Skulls. In such cases it is necessary to check up concentration of glucose nasal Liquids for revealing of leak of a spinal liquid (usually The glucose maintenance thus more than 30 mg/dL). At suspicion that Spinal liquid all the same filter, it is useful to make Additional researches, for example to place a drop allocated of Nose liquids on a paper towel or filtering Paper. Occurrence of a clear damp ring round a red point Offers presence of signs of crisis of the basis of a skull. If the nasal Allocation and , it is necessary to investigate and a condition Coagulability of blood. Bleedings from a nose (Epistaxis).

The Increased Central Venous Pressure Of The Patient

The increased central venous Pressure of the patient ( defects, etc. the reasons) as can To cause expansion under veins. Attentively examine an oral cavity on presence . For example, ranula (= hypoglossal salivary gland) It is shown as transparent weight about a language bridle. Hypoglossal usually white and opaque, while the mucous sinevato-transparent colour. Estimation of a condition of a hard palate and drinks Hard palate. After an estimation of a condition of language, I recommend to pay attention to a hard palate. Tolerant on Hard palate (=torus palatinus), are defined normal and soft. The arch sky can assume syndromes of Uippla, Marfana or Probability . Defects or ulcers on a hard palate it is frequent Appear in the presence of an infection, beam therapy or new growths. Estimation of a condition of a soft palate Soft palate research includes a place estimation Connections firm and a soft palate - often on this border it is possible To see a rash. A hypostasis and morbidity of a soft palate Meets at very many diseases, including at so Named illnesses of heavy chains.

In The Corresponding Managements Four Various Ways Are

In the corresponding Managements four various ways are described to a measure. (Bates' Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking) Back part of a thorax (illustration sm) it is spent usually from top chest Cages (illustration sm), passing areas of an arrangement of shovels. Perkutornye sounds compare in symmetric areas and to the general The standard (stupid, box, normal). A forward wall of a thorax as it is spent on certain points and lines (illustration sm) and from top to down. At compare symmetry of sounding and define sonority scale. Approximate general interpretation Character a sound Value a sound Stupid (= femoral) Lobarnaja pneumonia or a pleurisy The normal Healthy lungs, bronchial tubes and pleura Box (=) Emphysema or Research of mobility of a diaphragm Estimation of a condition of mobility It is spent and . In the beginning in position of the patient Standing borders of changes a sound are defined on thorax lines at quiet breath of the patient. Further on axillary (or axillary) lines find Zone a sound at equal breath of the patient and Mark this point on the right and at the left.

The First Aspect - Includes Treatment Which Prevents

The first aspect - includes Treatment which prevents strengthening and deterioration of attacks during The long-term periods. The second aspect provides perfection The help at development of an asthmatic attack in the patient. For all age groups, EPR-3 Recommends to prefer inhaled as most Effective remedy of treatment for long terms of the effective The control. New means for treatment of the bronchial asthma, offered in EPR-3 Include lejkotrieny - antagonists of receptors (illustration sm) and (cromolyn) for the long control the period. Are recommended also long operating beta-aganisty (SABA) as therapy of addition to the scheme of treatment of the patients, inhaling and omalizumab for very serious cases of an asthma. For sharp episodes of an asthma are recommended (albuterol), (levalbuterol) And . Urgent medical aid should include Oxygen for reduction ; shortly operating beta-aganisty (SABA) for reduction of a barrier to air stream in bronchial tubes, it is frequent with inhalation ipratropium'a Bromide, at heavy attacks; system intravenously, To reduce inflammation signs in bronchial tubes at moderated i-or Serious attacks or for patients who do not answer quickly and Completely on preparations SABA; And additional therapy in certain cases, introduction type intravenously Magnesium of sulphate or helium inhalations (for patients, unreceptive to To aforementioned measures).

On The Other Hand, Such Signs As Rattles

On the other hand, such signs as rattles And a low arrangement of a palatal uvula on a breath were superfluous for Diagnosis COPD and simply demanded an extra time of research, But did not give the additional diagnostic information. http://www.carestudy.com The offered edition as I hope, results Rather new data on diagnostics of bronho-pulmonary diseases and Syndromes also it will be useful for practical doctors and students. In advance I apologise for idle the reference Internet (the Internet the world so !), but at the order of last version of the edition I try to include Only WORKING references to sources, illustrations and clips on a theme. http://www.lit.lib.ru/h/hramow_j_a SECTION 1 Ways of revealing of syndromes of diseases of bronho-pulmonary system The short review of anatomy and functions of bronho-pulmonary system The adult person for days ventilates through system about 15-20 thousand litres of air (20 breaths in Minute 0,5 l of air 60 minutes 24 hours). In 1 litre of the city Air it is weighed not less than 5000 particles in weight about 5 mg.

The Reasons And Diseases Of The Strengthened Growth,

The reasons and diseases of the strengthened growth, loss and change It is a lot of hair colour. For example, rare hair on top and high temples On a forehead man's hormones can be connected many, and not only At men, but also at women. However for the last more frequent reason - Chronic lack of iron which appears in critical days. If hair drop out on all head, it is necessary to pay special attention on Character of a food. Hair for 90 percent consist of fiber and eat They fiber. Therefore except meat and cottage cheese for a food of hair are necessary Vitamins A, , , group In and microcells, including zinc, iron, Copper, selenium, phosphorus, , calcium, etc. Sometimes the strengthened loss Hair it is connected with diseases thyroid, glands, Illnesses of blood, gynecologic, infectious or venereal Diseases. How to define intensity of a hair fall? On the average on a head grows nearby 80-120 Thousand hair. Term of a life of each of them - from 3 till 7 years. Absolutely Normal it is considered if in day drops out from 50 to 150 hairs.

For The Majority Of The Doctors Interested In

For the majority of the doctors interested in correct estimation Syncope a main role plays concept "unconsciousness". As soon as it has been established and documentary that syncope Has actually occurred, at least unitary (on the basis of the detailed Estimations of medical history and indications of witnesses), the doctor should To differentiate between a syndrome syncop and not conditions. The most frequent reasons (= sudden weakness or consciousness loss): Establishment of the reason or the reasons syncope Pursues two main objectives: statement the diagnosis that Solves also problems of the forecast and risk of repetition of a condition. And in second, Finding out the concrete reasons , the unique way is defined To provide accuracy of recommendations for treatment. Some questions to patients, conditions -- * How it is frequent at you there is a weakness? * that you do, when comes Weakness? * you ever fainted? * weakness occurs Suddenly? * in what position there is a weakness is more often? Whether * noticed You with what, for example, weakness is connected with a chest pain, irregular Heart rhythm, nausea, hunger, , or tolerance In finitenesses and ? Definition most plausible reasons for the concrete patient - often enough difficult problem.

There Is A Set Criteria For Diagnosing Of

There is a set Criteria for diagnosing of a syndrome of an angry thick gut (), but their accuracy is a little known in clinical practice. The regular review of the literature on identification and research Accuracy of the accepted diagnostic criteria for syndrome (Roman Criteria 1, 11 and III) and computer modelling while (October 2007) Have not confirmed unequivocal interpretation of many signs of syndrome . So, estimating characteristics of symptoms at 2355 Patients, the diagnosis of syndrome by estimations of modelling of the computer with By the Roman criteria 111 has been put as unique at 1526 patients [Sensitivity of 84 % (from 74 to 92 %) and specificity of 88 % (95 % CI from 77 to 96 %]. At 574 patients with use of the Roman criteria 11 Sensitivity has appeared 78 % (from 62 to 90 %) and specificity of 72 % ( From 55 to 87 %). And, at last, the diagnosis using the Roman criteria 1 on To syndrome (1 studying, 602 patients) had sensitivity of 71 % (from 66 to 76 %) and specificity of 85 % (from 80 to 89 %).

The Roman III Criteria These Conditions Are Defined

The Roman III criteria These conditions are defined as: * a pain syndrome in epigastrii - on To extreme measure 3 months from the beginning or at least 6 months to Pain occurrences, presence of sensation of burning in , at least Once in week and not having propensities to distribution or To restriction in other area (a stomach or a breast), not connected with , criteria of diseases of a bilious bubble or Oddi. Diagnostic criteria for a syndrome stress: * at least 3 months from the beginning or in Current 6 months presence of 1st or quantities of the following Signs: sensation of early saturation or feeling After usual volume of the eaten food, there is it once a week Or more often that forces to finish regular food intake. Other essential change for the new Treatments of some syndromes the committee recognised that criteria Include or can have an accompanying heartburn or syndrome . It is recognised that sensation of early saturation or feeling After usual volume of the eaten food, represent the separate The group of patients which is distinct from patients with symptoms of a nausea and vomiting.

In The Latter Case (migraine) Happens 2 Forms:

In the latter case (migraine) happens 2 forms: with aura (70 % of cases) and without aura. As criteria of a migraine now consider : pain localisation; * character Pains; * pains at physical activity and \or walking, presence One-two accompanying symptoms (a nausea, vomiting, sveto-zvukobojazn and Other); - duration of a pain from 4 till 72 o'clock; - not less than two episodes Pains by the resulted criteria; Usually allocate incidental, periodic, Constant headache. On the headache is divided on Stupid, pulsing, pressing, etc. On localisation - one and , Frontal, occipital, parietal heads in other zones. In total 13 Variants of headaches. One of variants of classification of a headache. 1.2.0. The Migraine - with or without neurologic and mental signs on support; 1.2.1. The Headache at pressure - incidental and \or chronic; 1.2.2. The Headache from group - incidental, chronic and CPH; 1.2.3. Other primary types of a headache; 1.2.4. Postravmatichesky headaches; 1.2.5. The Headache in connection with illness (a stroke, hemorrhages, , aneurysms, etc.

Auscultation There Are Two Types Of Normal Sounds

Auscultation There are two types of normal sounds of breath - Bronchial and the Sounds of breath listened on a course of a trachea And bronchial tubes, are called bronchial breath. Breath sounds Listened over mainly fabric of a lung are called breath. A unique place, where traheo-bronchial Tree (tracheobronchial tree) It is located close to a forward chest wall and it is not surrounded Lung - a trachea on a neck, on the right above a clavicle and Space at level 4 vertebras and above. These are sites of a thorax, Where at patients it is possible to hear typical bronchial breath. In All other places there is a fabric of a lung and it is possible to listen to breath from to mixed - vezikuljarno-bronchial. (Listen Auscultation) Various ways are possible Auscultations of the sounds made in various zones of a body on purpose Definitions of features of activity of body or the illness diagnosis. Auscultation to be spent by directly ear (- Direct auscultation) or a stethoscope (- mediated Auscultation).

); Pharmacological Factors And The Reasons: ; Nicotine; ;

); Pharmacological factors and the reasons: ; nicotine; ; ; the progesterone, etc. can be included In this list and Insufficiency of a liver; gramme-negative a sepsis; restoration After metabolic ; a syndrome of hyperventilation and many other things - Pulmonary illnesses: an extensive pneumonia; a pulmonary artery; Hypostasis of lungs and mechanical . Estimation of signs of chronic respiratory insufficiency Exact clinical definition of a syndrome Respiratory insufficiency and diverse functions of breath very much Challenge. The syndrome of respiratory insufficiency includes as Revealing or measurement of several system infringements corrected. (http://www.scielo.br/pdf/jpneu/v29n1); It is shown that first of all it is necessary to estimate and It is standard to measure a condition ways (sm obstructive Syndrome and illustrations) and their aerodynamic resistance on a breath and Exhalation. (http://www3.who.int/icd/vol1htm2003/fr-icd.htm) The second group of signs of the respiratory Insufficiency includes an estimation of adequacy of a blood-groove in a small circle Blood circulations and efficiency of interaction of gas structure of blood and Air.

9.3 To Estimate A Condition Hypodermically-fatty (Average Size From

9.3 to Estimate a condition hypodermically-fatty (Average size from three measurements): in area the three-head of a muscle; a fold (under a shovel); a lateral hypodermic fold (About forward top bones). http://www.pennhealth.com/ The relation of a circle of a waist to a circle of hips: Norm for men 0,9, for women 0,8. Adiposity type: the bottom (=, =);) top =, =) - is more dangerous As a risk factor of development and other diseases. Sm metabolic Syndrome, etc. http://health.yahoo.com/ency/healthwise http://www.barixinfo.com/index.cfm Adiposity (adipositas) - superfluous adjournment of fat in an organism. Adiposity Alimentary (a. alimentaria), caused superfluous food intake on To comparison with level of power inputs. Adiposity (.hypothalamica), sin.-adiposity . Adiposity (a.diencephalica), sin.-gipotalamicheskoe, an island cerebral, adiposity type Caused by infringements of regulation of a power exchange at Defeat a medial kernel ; it is characterised Rather uniform distribution of fat on all body.

Diagnosis COPD Accuracy Of Diagnosis COPD Is Considered

Diagnosis COPD Accuracy of diagnosis COPD is considered after Exceptions of alternative diagnoses, type of a bronchial asthma, warm Insufficiency, lungs (cystic fibrosis), a tuberculosis and, etc. The anamnesis, the case record and lives, Researches, and functional respiratory tests are very important in Diagnosing COPD. Doctors of any level, in my opinion, should To consider diagnosis COPD for each patient, especially aged After 40 years. Including at the patients having one or Quantity of following signs: a constant, a progressing short wind at To any physical activity (dyspnoea); chronic cough, which Can be unproductive and astable; chronic overproduction Saliva; changeable, mixed rattles and superfluous density a heap Cages (); returnable, a sharp bronchitis or Aggravations of a chronic bronchitis. In special group it is necessary to allocate patients with Chronic risk factors (environment of type of a tobacco smoke, Professional or external air or a smoke from Home cookery, etc. Diagnosis COPD should be confirmed through Estimation of function of a lung with the help tests, as it It is shown in table 1.